TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
COMMISSIONING OPERATIONS COLD HOT
Engineering scale
Concepts
Lab scale
Bench scale Prototypes
Full scale
Paper
Pieces
Plant
Simulants
Simulants/wastes
Simulants
Wastes
TRL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Figure 6 Technology Readiness Levels for different CCS technologies
by 2030. This level of deployment is within reach but will require several more large-scale demonstration plants to refine the technology and reduce capture costs.” (IEA, 2023) Assessing Technology Readiness The phrase ‘Technology Readiness Level’ or ‘TRL’ is used to classify the suitability of a technology for implementation. The TRL scale ranges from 1 (basic principles observed) to 9 (total system used successfully in multiple project operations). TRLs shown in Figure 6 should be considered as only estimates for the technologies described, which are not fully commercialised (TRL<9). Figure 6 is our interpretation of the TRL criteria for the various carbon capture technologies (Global CCS Institute, 2021) Economic considerations for carbon capture Relative cost of CO₂ capture The relative cost for CO₂ capture varies by industrial sector because of the CO₂
concentration of the targeted CO₂ source (see Figure 7 ). A range of relative costs are provided below for 12 different CO₂ sources. Hydrogen (SMR) high cost was selected as the base of 1.0 (100%). CO₂ emission reduction efforts by the US government • In August (2022), the President signed the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) that included provisions related to taxes and credits to reduce carbon emissions. The IRA increased the current tax credit for CO₂ within Internal Revenue Code section 45Q and delineated between DAC and other capturing methods (The White House, 2022). • In August 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM) announced more than $31 million in funding for 10 projects to develop carbon capture technologies capable of capturing at least 95% of CO₂ (Jenkins, 2022).
Industrial sector relative costs
Percentage cost of CO capture Relative to Hydrogen (SMR) high at 100%
Low concentration
SEC
Low cost High cost 200% 563%
1 Direct air capture 2 Power generation
Low cost High cost
63% 175% 75% 163% 50% 150% 63% 100% 31% 44% 31% 44% 31% 44% 31% 44%
3 Cement
4
Iron & steel
High concentration Hydrogen (SMR)
6 7 8
Ethylene oxide
Bioethanol Ammonia
9 Natural gas processing 10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Industrial sector number from table
Figure 7 Relative cost for carbon capture by sector Source: 2019 IEA data (IEA, 2020) – some have adjusted to incorporate Bechtel’s internal opinions
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