of equilibrium NOx. However,
Manufacturer GT model
Hydrogen-enriched fuel gas Ammonia-enriched fuel gas
the introduction of additional nitrogen into the GT can still cause an excessive production of NOx. This situation will also require targeted modifications to combustion and emissions control systems within the GT (Tellez-Schmill & Owodunni, 2024). Implications for decarbonisation strategy The results of this
Combustion
NOx in
Combustion
NOx in
chamber
flue gases,
chamber
flue gases, ppm-vol
temperature, ppm-vol
temperature,
o C
o C
Siemens
SGT-600 SGT-700 SGT-750 SGT-800 M701F M501JAC H-25
2,367 2,401 2,433 2,407 2,313 2,323 2,344 2,307 2,461 2,357 2,353 2,386 2,421
47 47 49 45 43 38 37 43 49 46 45 42 40
1,470 1,507 1,543 1,511 2,024 2,033 2,056 2,018 1,575 1,455 1,531 1,687 1,526
20 21 23 20 35 31 30 35 23 20 22 23 17
Mitsubishi
H-100
GE
TM2500 (50Hz)
6B.03 9E.04 7F.04
9HA.01
Table 2 Gas turbine calculated combustion temperature
influences NOx formation and emissions compliance. If chemical equilibrium is reached inside the GT combustion chamber, it can drive up the production of NOx inside the gas turbine. Table 2 also shows the simulation calculations of the combustion chamber temperature and NOx produced if equilibrium is reached, for mixtures containing the maximum content of either hydrogen or ammonia in this study, for each GT model and make. “ Decarbonisation pathways for gas turbines should not be evaluated solely on emissions reduction potential. Hydrogen and ammonia introduce competing trade-offs across fuel systems, combustion behaviour, and emissions control ” The GT computer model estimates a higher combustion chamber temperature for blends rich in hydrogen, due to the relatively small mass rate of hydrogen required for combustion. This affects the calculated equilibrium NOx formation, which requires attention and possibly some special configuration within the GT. Conversely, the combustion chamber temperature for the case of ammonia-rich blends is lower, and consequently, the formation
study highlight that decarbonisation pathways for gas turbines should not be evaluated solely on emissions reduction potential. Hydrogen and ammonia introduce competing trade-offs across fuel systems, combustion behaviour, and emissions control. Hydrogen offers substantial CO₂ reductions but requires significantly higher volumetric fuel flow, creating infrastructure challenges for existing facilities. Ammonia reduces fuel volume requirements but introduces combustion complexity and NOx management considerations. In practice, the feasibility of hydrogen blending will depend on existing fuel system capacity, availability of low-carbon hydrogen, and the cost of required infrastructure upgrades. For many existing facilities, high hydrogen blends may require significant modifications to fuel delivery and combustion systems. Ammonia may offer advantages in storage and transport, but it introduces operational and safety considerations that must be evaluated alongside emissions performance. These findings reinforce the need for a system-level approach to decarbonisation, where fuel selection, turbine design, and emissions control strategies are evaluated together. Bringing Decarbonization to Life begins with first-principles simulation, enabling engineers
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