Decarbonisation Technology - November 2021

0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.6

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Cold composite Hot composite

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2014

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Enthalpy kW

Gas

Electricity

Heat pumps

CHP Steam

Figure 4 Composite curves for distillation

Figure 2 Example trends in UK carbon intensities from energy sources

intensities in the UK are not mirrored everywhere. The actual and relative prices of gas and power are highly variable across the world. Similarly, the relative carbon intensities depend on the sources of grid power which can range from almost zero carbon hydro and nuclear power to high carbon power from diesel engines and coal fired power plant. Organisations need to establish the marginal costs of power and heat and the

low temperature heating duties but rely on cheap power to be cost effective. Electricity can be a lower carbon option than steam from gas fired boilers, especially where the efficiency of steam generation and distribution is relatively low, but operating costs will increase considerably. The signals from energy prices and carbon

Improve process to lower energy consumption (digital solutions) Install more ecient equipment (LED lamps, new chillers, high eciency motors, variable speed drives.....). Increase production at sites, reduce waste, consolidate sites, new low energy sites Install heat/energy recoverye.g. heat pumps Utilise by-products to generate renewable energy (bi omass combustion to drive gas turbine power plant) Switch to lower carbon fossil fuels/renewable fuels (e.g. biomethane) Install renewable energy generation (solar PV, biomethane) PPA – Power/heat purchase agreement Energy Attribute Certicates, e.g. REGO, RGGO, CER, VER Bioenergy ‘sleeving’/indirect supply

Reduce energy

Recover energy

Reduce carbon intensity

Manage supply chain

ZERO EMISSIONS TARGET

Support suppliers to reduce Scope 1 carbon emissions (as above) Sustainable packaging Transport and logistics reductions – Hydrogen, EVs, biogas Sustainable raw materials Using PPAs to add more renewable capacity to network Purchasing more renewable capacity than demand to create network benet Partnerships to support wider community benets Utilising other industry’s waste energy to improve overall eciency Supporting another industry to make use of site waste energy via co-location and networking, i.e. district heating

Extend inuence into supply chain

Below zero

Create additionality

Import/export waste energy

Figure 3 Ideal decarbonisation hierarchy