Project
Process
Location
410,000 (annual) Capacity MT of H 2
Investment
Date of
Remarks
commissioning
Aqua Aerem Desert Boom
Aqua Aerem
Northern Territory, Australia
$10.75 billion
2027
Modular hydrogen production units. H 2
WE
Hydrogen
price: $2/kg
Shell Hydrogen
WE by TUCE
Rotterdam, Netherlands
200 MW,
–
2025
2.4 MMT of CO 2 will be
20MW
Alkaline WE 50-60 TPD H 2 /day
saved
GreenHyScale
WE P2X
Denmark,
6 MW
30 million
2022 2024
–
project by
multi MW range consortium of
100 MW 30 TPD H 2
Euros
GreenLab Skive alkaline electrolyser 11 entities*
Shell Zhangjiakou Green Hydrogen JV
WE by Shell Power to H 2
Zhangjiakou Hubei, China
20 MW in Ph 1 60 MW in Ph 2
–
2023 2025
–
NEOM Green Hydrogen - Air Products,
WE by TUCE
S. Arabia
2 GW
–
2026
1.2 MMT of green NH 3 annually
20 MW AWE
ACWA Power, NEOM
* GreenLab Skive A/S, Green Hydrogen Systems A/S, Energy Cluster Denmark, Lhyfe, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Equinor Energy A/S, Technical University of Denmark, Imperial College London, Everfuel, Quantafuel, and Euroquality WE - Water electrolysers, MT - Metric tonnes , MMT - Million MT, TUCE - thyssenkrupp Uhde Chlorine Engineers
Table 1 Major green hydrogen projects under implementation
major sectors will witness an accelerated shift towards green hydrogen (see Table 1 ). Process economics Even though capital costs for methane pyrolysis are high, operating costs are certainly lower. Additionally, the elemental carbon by-product represents a secondary income stream. The availability of water and the outlets for oxygen co-produced pose challenges for the economics of water electrolysis, while the added capital and operating cost incurred towards building CCS infrastructure are disadvantages for SMR (see Table 2 ). The cost of clean hydrogen production varies as each of the processes uses different designs, technologies, feedstock, and utilities. The economics of various hydrogen production processes avoiding GHG emissions is also better understood through the levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH). LCOH considers the costs to produce one kilogram of clean hydrogen, including Capex and Opex components. The
Capex for blue hydrogen includes the complete SMR/ATR unit with an associated CCS facility, and that for green hydrogen includes the electrolyser unit with the essential ancillaries. Storage and transport are excluded. Researchers, technology providers, and process operators have studied the economics of blue, green, and turquoise hydrogen production. Today, the average LCOH is $2-3kg for an SMR with CCS, $5-6/kg for water electrolysis (WE), and $2.8-3/kg for methane pyrolysis (see Table 3 ). If a credit is given to the carbon by-product, the LCOH for methane pyrolysis may be as low as $1.8/kg. These figures are based on an average gas price of $9 per MMBTU and renewable power at $45/MWh. The levelised cost of blue hydrogen will vary in line with oil and gas prices but will likely fall as independent CCS facilities come on stream. Similarly, the LCOH of green hydrogen is expected to fall by 2030 due to a reduction in the cost of renewable power, as well as
www.decarbonisationtechnology.com
40
Powered by FlippingBook