was approximated using linear load distribution along the runs. The dead loads of pipes with small diameters were converted into an equivalent uniform distribution. The pipe hydro-test load was not applied concurrently with wind or earthquake loads. Equipment dead loads included equipment weight, insulation, fireproofing, perma - nent fixtures, and attachments. Fireproofing material density was 25 KN/m 3 . Cable tray weight was approximated using linear load dis- tribution along the supporting beam spans. Concrete paving weight was approximated as 25 KN/m 3 . Live loads included temporary/ maintenance loads and moveable partitions. Floorplates and grat- ing loads were designed for a live load of 4.8 KPa. Static loads and impact forces at start-up or normal operation were obtained from the mechanical datasheet. Equipment load was extracted from vendor drawings. Wind, snow, and earth- quake loads were calculated using NBC (2010). The notional load was added to the sway effects for all load combinations. The trans- lational load effect produced by notional lateral loads at each level
a side angle. On the ground level (Z=0), mechanical pumps and hori- zontal vessels are directly bolted to the central beams. Pipelines con- necting the mechanical equipment are shown in green. The figure also includes examples of vertical and horizontal pipelines, electrical junc- tion boxes, and elevated platforms. The intermediate level (Z)=5m sup- ports the horizontal heat exchanger and vertical process vessel. Blue electrical cabinets are bolted to the steel beams. The third level (Z)=10m supports horizontal vessel span- ning the y-axis. The vessel supports are connected to the main framing. The platform projections at (Z)=10m support electrical cabinets shown in pink and pipelines. A bolted con- nection connects the platforms to the primary beams. Vertical pipe- lines penetrate the floor gratings to connect mechanical equipment at various elevations. Vertical pipe bends require sec- ondary steel supports projected from the primary beam or column members. Pipe horizontal bends (or expansion loops) are also com- monly used to reduce pipe stresses, as shown. Two major pipelines with a diameter of 24in are placed
was approximated using 0.005 times factored gravity loads contributed by that storey. Steel module SM-01 Steel module SM01 is used at the BTU to support piping, electrical cable trays, and mechanical equip- ment. The size of the steel module is 5m x 7m x 12.6m and consists of three levels. The frame base is embedded in concrete foundations. Figure 2 shows snapshots for SM-01 to provide insight into the steel structure loaded with equipment. The origin is located at the lower left-hand corner and denoted by O. Note that Z is measured from the ground elevation. Different view layers were used to designate pipes, structural steel, and electrical cable trays. Figure 2a displays the front elevation of the module showing mechanical equipments and pipe- lines to illustrate the loading mecha- nism. Cable trays are shown in blue. Vertical cable trays connecting var- ious module levels are supported by horizontal projections from the primary beams. The structural steel is coloured red, and process ves- sels are silver. Figure 2b shows an isometric view of the module from
Connecting pipelines
Elevated Equipments
Z
Horizontal vessel
Horizontal vessels
Z
2
Vertical cable trays
Vertical vessel
Electrical boxes
Heat exchanger
Y
X
Y
Junction box
B
(O)
2
(O)
(a)
1
A
(b)
Fig.(2) SM01 snapshot with installed pipes/equipments
Figure 2 SM01 snapshot with installed pipes/equipment
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