For the 20% soybean case, the correlation between purge gas and cycle length was estimated. Simulating the effect of purge rate (also impacting clean make-up gas rate) on the percentage of CO (%CO) in the treat gas and cycle length reveals that, for this particular operation, the cycle length substantially increases up to a purge gas rate of 40 Nm 3 /m 3 , as shown in Figure 7 . Conclusions Co-processing vegetable oils in commercial units results in high reactor exotherms and reduced HDS activity. The extent to which this happens depends on the performance of the installed catalyst, especially with respect to CO for- mation and CO inhibition. Therefore, it makes sense to test the various catalyst systems side by side to measure the various activities, selectivities, and CO inhibition factors prior to choosing a catalyst for this service. The impact of co-pro- cessing (vegetable oils) on cycle length in commercial units can be calculated, and the costs of purge gas can be consid- ered. In turn, this economic information can be used to select the best catalyst for the commercial hydrotreater unit. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Nattapong Pongboot, Project Leader, Refinery Catalyst Testing, Avantium (nattapong.pongboot@avantium.com) and Carl Van Der Grift, Manager/Owner, Catalyst Intelligence (vander- grift@catalyst-intelligence.com).
2 Vilela T, Quickly screen catalysts for hydrotreating of vegetable oil using high-throughput micro-pilot plants, Hydrocarbon Processing , May 2022. 3 Coumans, A E, Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of biomass to sustaina- ble fuels,nhttps://pure.tue.nl/ws/files/67124689/20170601_Coumans. pdf 4 Bezergianni S, Dagonikou V, Sklari S, The suspending role of H 2 O and CO on catalytic hydrotreatment of gasoil: Myth or reality? Fuel Processing Technology , 144, Apr 2016, 20-26. 5 Bezergianni S, Effectiveness of CoMo and NiMo catalysts on co-hy- droprocessing of heavy atmospheric gas oil-waste cooking oil mix- tures, Fuel , Jun 2014, 125, 129-136. 6 Douvartzides S L, Green Diesel: Biomass Feedstocks, Production Technologies, Catalytic Research, Fuel Properties and Performance in Compression Ignition Internal Combustion Engines, https://res.mdpi. com/d_attachment/energies/energies-12-00809/article_deploy/ener - gies-12-00809.pdf Tiago Vilela currently leads the Refinery Catalyst Testing (RCT) global services and is accountable for the overall performance of the business line. He has more than 20 years’ experience in engineering, project management, management consultancy, and business development. He holds an MSc degree in chemical engineering from the University of Aveiro and a Professional Doctorate in engineering from Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Email: Tiago.Vilela@avantium.com Eelko Brevoord is a senior consultant at Catalyst Intelligence with more than 40 years’ experience in the operation, design, and optimi- sation of hydrotreating and FCC units. He holds a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Twente in The Netherlands. Email: brevoord@catalyst-intelligence.com
References 1 Ortega C, Can. J. of Chem. Eng., 2021, 99, 1288-1306.
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