The various standards for 14C determination
Technique
Pros
Cons
Standard method
Accuracy and uncertainty
Gas proportional counters (GPC)
Not commercial Not sensitive
None
Beta Ionsation
Low investment
Low background lab and
EN1 6640 (Annex D)
0.2-5% deviation
equipment
gas purification device required
Maximum total error of +/-3% (absolute)
Liquid scintillation counters (LSC) ASTM D1655 Accelerator mass Referred in Spectrometry (AMS)
Fast/lower cost/easy sample preparation/ fast analysis (5-10h)
LSC-Benzene: applicable
D6866 (Method C); EN 16640 (Annex C);
to clear liquids only
DIN-51637
Instrumental error within 0.1-0.5%; Interlaboratory total uncertainty
Applicable to solid, gas, and liquids
Complex/time-consuming/
D6866
high cost/laborious sample preparation
(Method B); EN 16640 (Annex E)
Referred in
+/-3% (absolute);
ASTM D1655
Lower detection limit 0.4%
Table 2
hydrotreaters is the best choice for SAF production with respect to lower operating cost, lower capital investment, higher recovery of biogenic carbon in the SAF product, short implementation time, and low payback period. This method can save up to two years of construction time com- pared to building new facilities. The main operational challenges of using a kerosene hydrotreater as a co-processing unit to produce SAF are the limited catalyst volume, operating temperature limita- tions, and low hydrogen availability. These challenges can be overcome in most cases, without major modifications in the units, by limiting the amount of renewable feedstock to less than 5 vol%. Conclusively, producing SAF by co-processing 5% renewable feedstocks in a kerosene hydrotreater will ena- ble the acceleration of SAF production and a fast track to increase the current supply. TK-930 D-wax is a trademark of Topsoe. References 1 SkyNRG, SkyNRG’s Sustainable Aviation Fuel Market Outlook May 2023, https://skynrg.com/safmo2023. 2 NystromS,MichaelsenN,EgebergR,Improvingtheproductionofrenew- able diesel by co-processing, www.digitalrefining.com/article/1000060/ improving-the-production-of-renewable-diesel-by-co-processing 3 C_2023_3513_1_EN_ACT_part1_v3_0.pdf, https://energy.ec.eu - ropa.eu/system/files/2023-06/C_2023_3513_1_EN_ACT_part1_ v3_0.pdf 4 CORSIA Eligible Fuels, www.icao.int/environmental-protection/ CORSIA/Pages/CORSIA-Eligible-Fuels.aspx 5 www.iscc-system.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/ISCC- Guidance-Document-203-01_Co-processing-requirements.pdf Maria J L Perez is Senior Product Line Director at Topsoe, Denmark. Skilled in hydroprocessing catalyst, technical support, sales and per- sonnel management, she holds a PhD in chemical engineering from Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
Technology and a Diploma in Business Development and Management from the Technical University of Denmark.
Sylvain Verdier is Senior Strategy Manager at Topsoe, Denmark, advis- ing internal and external stakeholders on how to manage the energy transition with a focus on technologies, regulations, sustainability, and feedstocks. He holds an MSc in chemical engineering from ENSGTI and a PhD in chemical engineering from the Technical University of Denmark.
Gitte Thomsen Nygaard is Senior Solutions Specialist for Renewable Fuels at Topsoe, Denmark. She holds an MSc in Food Science and
51
PTQ Q2 2024
www.digitalrefining.com
Powered by FlippingBook