Russia
Europe
Northeast Asia
North America
Middle East
India
Africa
Southeast Asia
South America
Exporter region Importer region
Figure 1 Projection of future global carbon trade routes
global CCS facilities shows that roughly 25- 30% are located in coastal locations. In some regions, this number rises to about 50%. It is expected that about 20-30% of the captured CO 2 will be transported by ship. A projection made by ABS of future global carbon trade routes is shown in Figure 1 . CO 2 as a liquid has a higher density than in the gas phase, so for economic reasons, it is more practical to transport it in this state. Together with pipelines, shipping will be the crucial means of moving LCO 2 . When sources and storage locations are too far apart for pipelines, shipping offers a versatile solution, especially for emitters located far from geological storage solutions. Additionally, it offers the potential to develop projects earlier and at a lower cost than pipeline infrastructure. Figure 2 is a schematic of the CO 2 shipping chain from source to storage. It illustrates the process of CO 2 being captured from a power plant, then liquefied and stored. It is loaded onto an LCO 2 carrier and delivered to the intermediate terminal, which is connected to end-point pipelines and/or a storage site. To enable LCO 2 shipping, the development of dedicated vessels is crucial; however, relevant infrastructure needs to be developed at the same time. The entire chain should be
well defined as it has an impact on the CO2 conditioning requirements (pressure and temperature) and offload conditions or injection, and different equipment may be required for each application. LCO 2 fleet development Currently, other than the existing four LCO 2 carriers with capacities not exceeding 1,800 cubic metres (m3), the largest capacity LCO2 carrying ships are at different stages of construction. The order book ranges from 7,500m3 capacity (intended for the Northern Lights carbon sequestration project) to the recently announced 22,000m3 capacity. For its latest Low Carbon Outlook publication, ABS worked with Herbert Engineering LLC to develop concept designs based on a 10-bar operating pressure, corresponding to an operational liquid phase temperature range of -45°C to -50°C. This is believed to be a good compromise between a reasonably broad temperature range for control of the liquid phase and minimisation of overall pressure for large C-Type cylindrical tank construction. These temperature and pressure values are kept constant by an onboard refrigeration plant. These LCO 2 carrier concept designs also include CCS to capture the CO 2
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