DMX Adv A mine
G asel
Carbon capture
CO conditioning
Reverse water gas shift
Fis c her-Tropsch and upgrading
CO
H
Electrolysis
H puri cation
H
Water
Tail gas treatment
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Figure 2 CO₂ capture pathways
Expertise in e-fuel production: CO₂ pathway The pathway for e-SAF production involves the combination of CO₂ with renewable hydrogen. Axens has an extensive e-SAF offer, which includes the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) technology, carbon capture solutions DMX and AdvAmine, catalysts and adsorbent materials, along with its Fischer-Tropsch solution Gasel. As renewable hydrogen remains costly and CO₂ resources are limited until direct capture technologies become more mature, Axens has developed an integrated e-fuel complex with near-full carbon recovery and optimised hydrogen consumption. Maximising resource utilisation is a key condition for the widespread deployment of e-SAF. CO₂ capture pathways CO₂ capture consists of extracting the CO₂ produced by various industries. Two main carbon capture pathways are available: • The post-combustion pathway focuses on the treatment of CO₂-containing flue gases at close to atmospheric pressure. One effective solution for this is chemical absorption, which involves separating the CO₂ from other gases through absorption in a chemical solvent to produce a clean flue gas. This solution is licensed under the commercial name DMX by Axens. Solvent- based processes are generally considered to be more mature than other technologies, such as physical absorption. • The pre-combustion pathway involves capturing CO₂ before fuel combustion, typically on syngas. This solution is licensed under the commercial name AdvAmine by Axens. In this case, the fuel is processed with steam or oxygen to create syngas. Other solutions, such as direct air capture
(DAC) or oxy-fuel combustion, are currently less mature and have lower technology readiness levels compared to the more established post- combustion and pre-combustion pathways. However, because DAC will likely be able to effectively capture the CO₂ directly from the atmosphere, it has the potential to drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the long term. Take Kair: Capturing carbon to produce SAF In 2023, Axens signed a memorandum of understanding with EDF, Holcim, and IFPEN for the ‘Take Kair’ project to develop an industrial e-SAF facility in the west of France. This project illustrates the key role played by consortiums in this emerging field. Holcim will capture biogenic CO₂ at its cement plant in the Mayenne department, and EDF will contribute expertise in hydrogen production. At the same time, Axens and IFPEN will jointly develop and integrate the low-carbon fuel synthesis processes, including Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Air France-KLM will be the main off-taker of the product to be used in its planes. If the necessary financing is obtained, the aim is to start the construction of the unit in 2026, with a first phase of production in 2028. One of the first industrial e-fuel production projects in France, Take Kair will save more than one hundred kilotons of CO₂ emissions per year compared to the fossil equivalent. Comprehensive solutions from a reliable partner With more than 40 years of experience in the fields of biofuels and biotechnologies, refining, and petrochemicals, Axens has been at the forefront of developing the core technologies
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