ERTC 2023
nologies via the now commonly named blue, green or pink/yellow hydrogen. w Electrical supply : The ability to provide green electricity enables the refinery to maximise electricity usage, especially for power requirements, thereby reducing the fired fuel requirements for power genera- tion. The use of electric heaters and boilers is an emerging technology to ‘electrify’ pro- cess heat and steam generation sources. x Logistics : Renewable feeds are much more reactive than fractions generated from crude oil. These new feeds contain oxygenate species and reactive olefins/ diolefins that can be biologically degraded /oxidised and can lead to both gum/coke or stable emulsion formation. These species can also have greater corrosion potential. Volatile biological breakdown products can result in objectionable odours if they are vented from the tank. Various mitigation measures exist for each of those threats. Scenarios and Emissions The different future refinery will operate with clean fuels utilities and limited carbon- fired sources. The feeds to the biorefineries will be from non-food sources and require upgrading in the liquid scenarios. The final scenario utilises gasification of the biomass and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) to convert the syn- gas into liquid fuels or other products. u Separate trains : This scenario utilises existing refinery assets and augments them with a new biomass train fed by raw biomass or partially upgraded biomass via pyrolysis or HTL processes (wood waste and algae). The upgrading systems may be
Fossil train
Crude
Products
Fossil train
Fossil train
Crude
Products
Crude
Products
Biofuels gasi cation & Fischer - Tropsch train
Biofuels train
Products
Biomass
Products
Biomass
Biofuels train
Biomass
Figure 4 Upgrading systems can be located near to the biomass source
Conclusions The biorefinery of the future will have a zero carbon emission operation with the potential to produce a yield slate considerably higher in renewable feed-sourced materials. The appli- cation of pre- or post-combustion technolo- gies will allow for significant decarbonisation of Scope 1 and 2 emissions. Further decar- bonisation will occur via the application of renewable electricity sources to offset fossil- generated power. The combination of renew- able feedstock and hydrogen generated from renewable power or with captured CO₂ allows for significant decarbonisation of the prod- uct slate, thereby meeting Scope 3 emis- sion reduction targets. Proper handling of the feed materials as well as the supply chain and logistics elements will allow the industry to benefit from existing refining infrastructure and achieve economies of scale. Contact: Andrew Saunders-Tack – asaun- ders-tack@becht.com or Jean-Gaël Le Floc’h – jglefloch@becht.com
Case name
Base fossil
2 Train
Integrated
Gasifier
Fossil Train
Base Base Base
Same as base
Reduced
Same as base
Biomass Train
Low rate
Same low rate
N/D
Gasification Train
N/D
N/D
Same low rate
Yields Gasoline
Base Base Base None None
Base None None
Less than base
Base None None
Jet
None None
Diesel
Renewable Jet
All All
Higher than 2 Train Higher than 2 Train
All All
HVO
Table 2: Yield Comparison Table 2 Yield comparison
located near the source of the biomass (see Figure 4 ). v Integrated system : The integration of the biofuels into the fossil train allows uti- lisation of the existing refining equipment. In this configuration, the first unit satu- rates and produces feeds for processing in existing units. w Fossil train with gasification : The use of a gasifier that can potentially charge solids, liquids or gas opens up the facility to pro-
cess a wide array of biomass. Gasification produces the syngas feed for the com- mercially proven FT section. An option not explored in this article is the capability of the syngas to be converted into a wide array of chemicals and lube oils. x Yield comparison : Each configuration has a unique yield and quality. All three options are about the same in terms of the yield structure. Yields for the three configu- rations yields are shown in Table 2 .
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