Index
Process
Company name
Axens
CLG
KBR VCC
Eni
UOP
TIPS RAS
Process description
H-oil
LC-fining
EST
Uniflex
ORH
Feedstock
Gas oil
Gas oil
Heavy oils
Heavy oils
Heavy oils
Heavy oils and
fractions, vacuum residue, oil
fractions, and residua, and residua, and residua,
residua, asphaltic oil, blends of petroleum
vacuum
asphaltic oil asphaltic oil
asphaltic oil
residue, oil
feedstocks,
residue,
residue,
bioproducts, wastes
asphaltic oil asphaltic oil
of polymers and plastics
Density at 20°C, kg/m 3
992-1023
983-1039
950-1200
990-1312
980-1030
900-1200
Sulphur content, wt% max 3.4-3.8
5.0
5.0
5.3
5.3
5.0
Catalyst consumption, wt% of feed
0.0l-0.06 16.0-20.0 440-460
0.01-0.06 9.7-24.0 385-450
1.0
0.5-1.0
0.8-1.5
0.05-0.1 7.0-10.0 440-460
Pressure, MPa Temperature, °C
15.0-20.0 430-450
12.0-17.0 420-445
10.0-15.0 440-460
Yield, wt% Gas
3.2-8.0
7.0-9.0
13.2
16.7-20.5
7.0-10.0 10.0-12.0 40.0-45.0
7.4-9.3
Naphtha (IBP-200°C) Diesel (200-350°C)
14.0-15.5 15 0-27.0
14.0-16.0 12.0 6.5-7.5 14.0-20.0
34.0-36.0 36.0-39.0 15.0-45.0
47.0 26.0 <5.0
38.0-50.0 30.0-45.0
40.0-50.0 20.0-30.0
20.0
Heavy gas oil (350-520°C) 310-35.0
Fraction >520°C
17.0-45.0
2.5-3.8
4.0-10.0
5.0
Residue conversion with
63-83
max. 85
>95
>95
90-96
>95
recycling, wt%
Total distillate yield, wt% Development stage
45-78
45-78
84
86
78
86
Industrialised Industrialised IndustriaIised A pilot plant
Ready for
Ready for
was built implementation
implementation
Table 1 Technologies for processing of heavy petroleum and residual feedstock by moving catalytic bed
ORH from TIPS RAS. In the last four technologies, the conversion reached of the residue with recycling is higher by 95% (see Table 1 ). 8 Regarding FCC trends, the selection of catalyst and optimal operation conditions are crucial to increasing the yield of propylene and naphtha. Characteristics that need to be improved in this type of catalyst are metal poisoning tolerance, hydrothermal stability, fluidisation properties, attrition resistance and accessibility. Increasing the addition of ZSM-5 helps to obtain more propylene, but only to a certain extent. For example, Honeywell UOP’s RxPro process has a catalyst optimised to maximise the propylene yield to more than 20 wt% of feed and an aromatic rich naphtha stream for BTX recovery. Light cycle oil can also be further upgraded to BTX aromatics using the company’s LCO-X process. 9 In future refineries, the CO 2 emitted will be
captured and profited to produce hydrocarbons. In this respect, numerous catalysts are being developed to carry out the reactions of conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbons, via methanol or directly. 10 For the first route, via methanol, several catalysts are needed: a metal oxide to convert the CO 2 to methanol, a zeolite to convert the methanol to hydrocarbon, a noble metal with non-noble metal catalyst to convert the CO to methane, and an iron base catalyst to convert the CO to hydrocarbon ( Figure 2 ). For the direct conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbon, many catalysts based on the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction and the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis reaction (FTS) are currently under research and development. These catalysts include zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), among others. 11
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