PTQ Q3 2024 Issue

a feed that originates from diverse types of plastics. The previously noted HDMax catalysts and Clarit adsorbents answer the need for flexible and economical solutions to remove a wide range of impurities, regardless of process configuration or plastic waste feedstock, allowing plastic recyclers to achieve pyrolysis oil compatible with steam crackers. For bio-based oils, we see similar challenges also resulting from continuously changing contaminant levels that originate from diverse and varying sources of bio - mass. As for plastics-based pyrolysis oils, these challenges can be overcome, for example, by adaptable oil upgrading technologies. Clarit is a mark of Clariant Catalysts. Q With more emphasis on a CO₂ tonnage per dollar investment basis, which metrics matter in pursuing oppor - tunities in petrochemicals or low-carbon fuels? A Melissa Mastry, Director, Global Technology and Technical Services, BASF For petrochemicals, multiple metrics can be considered when pursuing a target related to CO₂ tonnage per dollar investment. First and foremost, the carbon intensity of the feedstock is a critical parameter to bring into any project assessment. Low-carbon intensity feedstocks can include bio-based feedstocks, clean hydrogen, and recycled mate- rials such as recycled plastics and waste. If considering petrochemical-based feedstocks, the source is important. For example, if extracted from tar sands, the carbon intensity will be higher than a petrochemical x KETJEN Renewables POSTER_210mmx146mm.pdf 1 4/30/24 3:29 PM

source extracted from a conventional oil well. In addition to the feedstock’s raw materials, it is crucial to consider the energy efficiency of the production process, the emissions (particularly CO₂ and methane) created during production, whether the process uses carbon capture and storage, and the transportation/storage of the feedstock. Storage can be an important factor, especially consider - ing the temperature-sensitive nature of some feedstocks, particularly those coming from pyrolysis processes. Similar metrics can be applied to low-carbon fuel standards. Ultimately, the best investment will depend on a variety of factors, including the regulatory environment, market demand for the products, and the geographical and logisti - cal details of the project location. Q What options are available for recovering hydrogen lost in fuel gas? A Rainer Albert Rakoczy, Technology Advisor Fuels, Clariant Catalysts In the past, many RFU streams were directly lined towards combustion without considering hydrogen content. An out - standing exception could be recognised in refineries short on total hydrogen. They operate a central RFU utilisation point, collecting all purges mainly from hydroprocessing and separating the hydrogen by means of permeation through a membrane or pressure swing adsorption with molecular sieves. In many cases, lining hydrogen-containing fuel gas from the process off-gas to the reformer or pre-reformer can also be an option.

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PTQ Q3 2024