Engineering standards for hydrogen
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• 29 CFD 1910.103 – Hydrogen • API 940 – Steel Deterioration in Hydrogen
21 Mpa H R = 0.5 ƒ = 1 Hz
• API 941 – Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants • API 571 – Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry • ASME B31.3 – Process Piping • ASTM B-849 – Standard Specification for Pre- Treatments of Iron or Steel for Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement • ASTM B-850 – Standard Guide for Post-Coating Treatment of Iron or Steel from Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement • ASTM F-1459 – Test Method for Determination of the Susceptibility of Metallic Materials to Gaseous Hydrogen Embrittlement • ASTM F-1624 – Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydrogen Embrittlement Threshold in Steel in the Incremental Step Loading Technique • ASTM G-142 – Standard Test Method for Determination of Susceptibility of Metals to Embrittlement in Hydrogen Containing Environments at High Pressure, High Temperature, or Both • ASTM STP-962 – Hydrogen Embrittlement: Prevention and Control • AIChE – Center for Hydrogen Safety • CGA G-5 – Hydrogen • CGA G-5.4 – Standard for Piping at Consumer Locations • CGA G-5.5 – Hydrogen Vent Systems • FM Global Datasheet – No. 7-91 Hydrogen • International Building and Fire Codes • ISO/TR 15916 – Basic Considerations for the Safety of Hydrogen Systems • ISO 19880-1 – Gaseous Hydrogen – Fueling Stations • ISO 22734 – Hydrogen Generators using Water Electrolysis • ISO 26142 – Hydrogen Detection Apparatus – Stationary Applications • NASA Glenn Safety Manual – Chapter 6 – Hydrogen • NFPA 2 – Hydrogen Technologies Code • NFPA 30 – Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code • NFPA 55 – Compressed Gasses and Cryogenic Fluid Code • NFPA 69 – Standards on Explosion Prevention Systems • NFPA 91 – Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Particulate Solids • NPFA 853 – Standard for the Installation of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems Table 3 Other references that may be applicable to hydrogen service as provided
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AIR
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X52 X60 X65 X70 X80
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10 -9
10
30
50
5 6 7 8 9
20
40
1/2 ∆K (MPa m )
is the change in crack depth over the change in the number of cycles vs ΔK, which is the stress intensity factor range. As discussed earlier, there is interest in blending hydrogen into existing natural gas pipelines to reduce CO₂ emissions, but there are engineering challenges associated with this approach. In addition to the increased fatigue crack growth rates from the introduction of hydrogen, another potentially harmful consideration is the leakage of the much smaller molecule through the pipeline walls, connections, and joints that may result in unacceptable emissions. The decision to blend hydrogen into an existing pipeline must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Some considerations are listed below that should be evaluated by the user/operator: • Are the materials used, both metallic and nonmetallic, acceptable for hydrogen service? • What new damage mechanism will be introduced? • How will the addition of hydrogen accelerate existing damage? • How will the inspection and mechanical integrity program need to be modified? • What is the risk of a failure? • What methodology will be used to assess and manage the risks? Figure 5 Crack growth rates for pipeline steels in hydrogen and air service (Reproduced from Sandia National Laboratories document SAND2020-12130PE)
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