Decarbonisation Technology - August 2023 Issue

Japan Utili s e unused overseas energy and renewable energy

Canada Leveraging Canadian expertise (including increased participation from marginalised and under-represented groups) Building new hydrogen supply and distribution infrastructure Fostering uptake in various end uses Framing new policy and regulatory measures to reach net zero by 2050

UK £240 million for government co-invest -ment in production capacity through the Net Zero Hydrogen Fund (NZHF) £1 billion fund to accelerate commercialisation of low-carbon technologies and systems for net zero Growing the economy whil e cutting emissions Securing strategic advantages for the UK 5GW of low - carbon H production capacity by 2030

Develop international H supply chains Renewable energy expansion in Japan and regional revitalisation Cut CHG emissions by 80% by 2050

US $9.5 billion for clean hydrogen Production tax credits Hydrogen shot goal of “1 1 1” Target strategic, high-impact uses for clean hydrogen Reduce the cost of clean hydrogen Focus on regional networks Cut US emission s ~10 % by 2050 (relative to 2005)

EU Boosting demand and scaling up production Designing a framework for hydrogen infrastructure and market rules Promoting research and innovation in hydrogen technologies Strengthen EU leadership in international H technical standards, regulations , and denitions Achieve carbon neutrality by 2050

India Quick scale-up to be pioneer and hub for green H Ensure majority of capital value chain is in India Green H to be cost competitive globally Balanced focus between domestic market creation and international opportunity Attracting investment Producing 450 GW of RE by 2030

Chile Accelerate investment in domestic applications to be relevant in export markets Promotion of domestic and export markets Review and update power market regulation Study key infrastructure needs associated with each region for local development

Capacity building and innovation Net zero emission country by 2050

Figure 3 Global hydrogen strategies

For material considerations, not all material types are acceptable for use with gaseous or liquid hydrogen applications. The most common material type for gaseous hydrogen service on the industrial side is carbon or low alloy steel, with these materials making up the majority of Type I and II vessels and over 1,000 miles of hydrogen pipelines. For the cryogenic temperatures needed for liquid hydrogen service, austenitic stainless steels are often chosen since they provide adequate fracture toughness at a lower cost compared to aluminum or other alloys. Polyethylene materials have also shown a capability for hydrogen service. However, more research is needed to confirm the damage mechanisms and assessment criteria. A summary of metallic materials compatible with hydrogen service is shown in Table 2 . The materials shown in the table are only intended

producers and consumers to help mitigate two of the key risks for the hydrogen economy – a lack of sufficient infrastructure and matching market makers with market users of hydrogen as a clean energy source. Figure 3 shows several of the hydrogen hubs and country/regional strategies in development. Within the US, the federal government, via the Department of Energy, is in the process of establishing 6-10 hydrogen hubs, with $8 billion of funding to create them. At the time of writing this article, the application process is closed, and bidders are awaiting the decision on investment choices. Reliability and process safety Compounding onto the various considerations for supply chain, economic, and regulatory issues, significant material and engineering design considerations must be addressed.