VGO PRETREAT (CFH)
Run 01
Run 02 Run 01 Run 02
Run 01 Run 02 Run 03
HYDROCRACKING
30.0
S
<0.2% di erence run to run reproducability at same conversion
Outstanding accuracy between runs; Results you can trust
N
20.0
Temperature
Net conversion 370C+ (wt%)
Figure 17 Diesel yield of the same reference catalyst in three different runs
Figure 18 Sulphur and nitrogen results for the reference catalyst in duplicate runs
VGO PRETREAT (CFH)
VGO PRETREAT (CFH)
Run 01 Run 02
Run 01 Run 02
Temperature
Temperature
Figure 19 Gas make results for the reference catalyst in duplicate runs
Figure 20 Product density results for the reference catalyst in duplicate runs
firming that bypassing is not an issue. This is most evident in ULSD cases with 99+% conversion. This second example compares Avantium’s small-scale unit with 16 parallel reactors with a single reac- tor and an available catalyst vol- ume of between 0.5L and 1L. Two pilot plant studies were executed where two catalyst loading schemes were evaluated for a change-out in a commercial lubricant base oil hydrotreater. Performance data such as hydrogen consumptions and liquid product properties were determined independently per reac- tor. For this, the products from each SPSR were collected separately, and various offline analyses were per- formed, such as distillation, sul- phur, nitrogen, and aromatics. The comparison between both scales (pilot plants) for one of the catalyst systems tested clearly shows that the small-scale results are scalable with the conventional pilot plant, especially for HDS and HDN. The full article is available
tor tubes. It was demonstrated that product sulphur levels and den- sities obtained with the SPSR are close to the results obtained in a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor oper- ated under the same conditions. Moreover, parallel SPSRs show high repeatability. To study the hydro- dynamic effects of the catalyst bed
packing, the catalyst bed length was varied by loading different amounts of catalysts, and crushed catalyst was also loaded. When comparing against a larger (non-single string of pellets) reac- tor, activity (either as k-value or as T required ) can be matched with Avantium’s small-scale unit, con-
(b)
(a)
1000
0.860
Bench scale Single string
Bench scale Single string
0.855
0.850
100
0.845
0.840
10
0.835
0.830
0
0.825
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
Condition (-)
Condition (-)
Figure 21 Comparison between (a) Avantium’s small-scale (1mL) and (b) Albemarle’s bench-scale (225mL)
60 Catalysis 2022
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