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exceeding 90%, post-combustion initially appears attractive as it meets the high capture rates, which can future proof these existing plants and progress towards net zero goals today. As refiners evaluate commercial post-combustion technologies, they are met with capital costs that can be almost twice the cost of the existing hydrogen plant and a substantial plot area requirement, which can be difficult to establish as many refineries are in metropolitan areas and already space constrained. These technologies also have limited flexibility to respond to plant cycling and need to deal with greater impurities in a low-pressure flue gas compared to process side CO₂. Newer, innovative solutions for post-combustion capture claim to bring increased efficiency and lower costs but will carry a higher technology risk until proven and operated at the scale of a commercial refinery. However, there is an option that can achieve high CO₂ reductions while also increasing hydrogen production, allow- ing production flexibility and fitting in a limited plot space. The proprietary CleanPace hydrogen-enhanced carbon capture solutions combine Johnson Matthey’s Advanced Reforming technologies, which have been operated for decades, with established and flexible pre-combustion capture technolo - gies to achieve CO₂ emission reductions of up to 95%. While these future proof existing hydrogen plants today, CleanPace solutions can also supply more hydrogen needed for biofuel production. These CleanPace solutions can provide a route to accelerated climate payback today using existing technol- ogy, skills, and manufacturing infrastructure. Refinery decarbonisation There are many routes to decarbonise an existing refinery. While several projects are following carbon replacement approaches through biofuels, revamping existing hydrogen plants can provide a significant and lasting impact on reduc - ing greenhouse gas emissions for refineries today. Carbon pricing, incentives, and policy are creating urgency to decar- bonise, and practical, ready-now solutions are needed. Delaying action may have hidden costs as shared resources become scarcer if there is a rush to implement projects and funding for early adopters is no longer available. Solutions like CleanPace hydrogen can be implemented today to accel - erate climate action and progress towards 2030 targets. References 1 International Energy Agency. Net Zero by 2050, a roadmap for the global energy sector. [Online] 2021. www.iea.org/reports/net-zero- by-2050. 2 Wood Mackenzie. The edge. [Online] 2 July 2021. www.woodmac. com/news/the-edge/oil-refining-four-big-challenges/. 3 IEA. Transport Biofuels. [Online] 2021. www.iea.org/reports/trans - port-biofuels. 4 World Bank. Carbon pricing dashboard. [Online] July 2022. https:// carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/map_data. 5 Intercontinental Exchange, ICE. 6 European commission. European Green Deal: Commission proposes transformation of EU economy and society to meet climate ambitions. [Online] 14 July 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/ detail/en/IP_21_3541. 7 Porthos. Customers. [Online] www.porthosco2.nl/en/customers/.
8 IEAGHG. Understanding the cost of retrofitting CO₂ capture in an integrated oil refinery, 2017/TR8. 2017. 9 Chlapik K, Winch D, Keeley C, A running start to net zero, Hydrocar- bon Engineering , November 2021. 10 Goret-Rana M, Keeley C, Transition to net zero: steps to decarbon - ize the oil refining industry, Digital Refining, 2022. upgrading process for the oil refining industry, producing vast quantities of transportation fuels. It is also expected that it will gain importance as supplier of propylene worldwide and occasionally ethylene. The FCC process and the products it produces will have to meet strict emission standards. With respect to the processing of residual feedstock in FCC, perhaps the most important change in modern FCC catalyst design is the quantification and subsequent optimisation of catalyst accessibility. Data from about 20 commercial experiences show that when contaminants like iron, vanadium, calcium and sodium increase, cata- lyst accessibility decreases rapidly. When catalysts with high accessibility (as measured by the AAI – Akzo Acces- sibility Index) are used, very marked improvements in activity and selectivity are achieved. LCH, CLEANPACE and ADVANCED REFORMING are marks of John - son Matthey. Ken Chlapik is Global Marketing Manager for Johnson Matthey’s Cata - lysts and Technologies - Low Carbon Solutions business, responsible for solution development utilising JM’s CleanPace solutions portfolio and Advanced Reforming technologies to decarbonise existing syn- gas facilities. He holds a BSc degree in chemical engineering from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He represents JM with the Institute of Clean Air Companies and the American Fuel and Petro - chemical Manufacturers screening committee, where he was recently recognised with the Peter G. Andrews Lifetime Service Award. Email: ken.chlapik@matthey.com Dominic Winch is a Market Analyst for Johnson Matthey’s Catalysts and Technologies Low Carbon Solutions business, currently support - ing the development of solutions and technologies designed to decar- bonise a hydrocarbon processing facility’s existing operation. He holds a degree in chemistry (MChem) from the University of Leicester. Email: dominic.winch@matthey.com To enhance the production of light olefins, especially propylene, in the FCCU stable narrow pore zeolites, eg ZSM-5, are required. This has to be combined with a host FCC catalyst featuring high propensity to produce olefinic precursors, which are subsequently cracked to light olefins. Chris Murkin is a Sales Manager for Johnson Matthey’s Catalyst Tech - nologies Fuels and Energies, supporting European refineries with hydro - gen production and purification catalysts. He holds an MEng in chemical engineering from University of Cambridge and is a Chartered Chemical Engineer with the IChemE. Email: chris.murkin@matthey.com Increased ability of the FCC catalysts system to make lower sulphur-containing products is necessary for an overall more profitable refining operation. Reduced NO x and SO x emissions from the FCC stack are also required. The introduction of new FCC catalyst additives as High accessibility and accessibility retention are required the make the processing of even more contam- inated residual feedstock possible. Akzo Nobel has intro- duced the Opal, Sapphire and Coral catalysts line featuring enhanced accessibility.
QUESTIONS & ANSW
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