Biogas/ land ll gas
Reforming or pyrolysis
Syncrude
Municipal solid waste/ biomass
Sustainable a viation f uel
Syngas
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
Re ning/product upgrading*
Gasi cation
CO / H
PtL via reverse w ater g as s hift
e-SAF p athways
If existing infrastructure in re nery is designed to process and upgrade crude oil products, it can be utilised to refine s yncrude to produce SAF and renewable diesel. *
CO / H O
HT Co-electrolysis
Figure 3 Various SAF and e-SAF pathways via FT synthesis
to produce syngas (H₂ + CO) via non-catalytic plasma pyrolysis of CH₄ in a three-in-one Plasma-Boudouard Reactor. The process scheme integrates three well-known chemical reactions in a single reactor to produce syngas – something that has not been conceptualised before: Methane pyrolysis : Splitting CH₄ into carbon and H₂ using plasma arc – a process that has already been successfully employed in several commercial-scale units worldwide. CH₄ → C + 2H₂ temperature-dependent reaction wherein the thermodynamically favoured product is CO at temperature >900°C; this is a fully understood phenomena that has been successfully employed in the fertiliser, refining, and petrochemical industry for more than 100 years. C + CO₂ → 2CO w Heterogenous water gas reaction : Produces syngas (H₂+CO) by passing water vapour through red-hot coke, which helps regulate the desired H₂:CO ratio. The process has been aroun for centuries, and its kinetics are well understood. C + H₂O → CO + H₂ Net reaction: 3CH₄ + CO₂ + 2H₂O → 4CO + 8H₂ (syngas H₂/CO ratio 2:1) v Boudouard reaction : Carbon reacts with CO₂ to produce CO – a reversible,
The unique plasma process, the Intellectual Property Rights of which are protected in all relevant global markets, breaks down biogas into its components carbon and H₂ in the presence of CO₂ and water to produce synthesis gas using renewable power. As both CH₄ and CO₂ are processed simultaneously, the removal of CO₂ from biogas is not essential. Raw biogas, typically containing 50-70%v CH₄, 25-45%v CO₂, and 5%v N₂+O₂+H₂O can be used directly with little or no additional requirement of captured CO₂. No green H₂ is required, and no byproducts are produced. The desired H₂/CO ratio in syngas can be controlled by adjusting reactant flows, making the technology suitable for production of a wide range of fuels and chemicals. The unique selling proposition lies in the proprietary three-in-one reactor, based on the novel combination of three well-known sub-processes. This allows chemical reactions to be controlled in a targeted manner to produce syngas, as opposed to conventional processes that require many reactors and units. Syngas is an intermediate product, which is then used to produce synthetic fuels or other chemical products via FT synthesis in a downstream add-on unit to polymerise the carbon and H₂ components in syngas into long-chain molecules, including SAF. FT synthesis runs at relatively low temperatures (220-350°C) and pressures (2-3 MPa). A typical conversion of about 60% is witnessed in the FT process. Catalysts used are typically cobalt and iron, which are relatively inexpensive.
Refining India
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