LARTC 2025 Conference Newspaper

23 - 25 September 2025 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Official newspaper published by PTQ, Digital Refining, Decarbonisation Technology

become a community, a community where we are open to knowledge sharing and help- ing each other solve the problems of today and identify the opportunities of tomorrow. In 2025, we are proud to welcome a record number of attendees, a record num- ber of speakers from a record number of countries, and the largest networking pro- gramme and exhibition we have ever had in the region. Over the course of the next few days, our agenda, curated by the World Refining Association team in collabora- tion with our Advisory Board, will cover key industry topics, including energy efficiency, sustainable fuels, the digital revolution and artificial intelligence (AI), industry collabora- tion, regulatory frameworks, and more. We are grateful to the more than 150 companies that submitted their technical abstracts for this year, and we look forward to hearing from the experts at the forefront of technological advancement in our sev- eral streams of content. refining sector to enhance productivity and reduce learning curves in various opera- tional functions. AI-driven simulation and planning tools were argued to be valuable resources for enhancing decision-making and speeding up adaptation to new tech- nologies. The implementation of these tools not only boosts productivity but also builds employee confidence in automated systems, helping to reduce resistance to change and facilitate the adoption of new practices. On the topic of technological innovation, the discussion covered predictive tools for operational performance and reliabil- ity in processing units. Our board members shared experiences on the use of blending techniques and predictive analytics to opti- mise production and minimise unplanned shutdowns. It was concluded that digitali- sation and process automation could play a crucial role in improving operational effi- ciency and reducing costs.

Hello, and welcome to the 14th Annual Edition of the Latin American Refining Technology Conference (LARTC). We are privileged to be hosting this year’s

We are delighted to continue our global partnership with PTQ and are glad to wel- come the magazine’s Editor, Rene Gonzalez. PTQ ’s collaboration with key industry fig- ures and their continued dedication to pro- ducing world-class content covering our industry are very much appreciated. We are grateful for their continued partnership across the global portfolio of World Refining Association events. Finally, thank you to everybody who is joining us here in Rio de Janeiro this week – we are pleased to welcome you, and we hope that the next few days are full of creat- ing new contacts, catching up with industry peers, world-class content, and key reflec- tions on the Latin American Downstream sector in 2025 and beyond. Enjoy the next few days,

inside

Optimising renewable fuel feedstock pretreatment 3 Why Brazil? 4 How Latin America’s refiners can reduce emissions in a volatile geopolitical environment 5 Renewable fuels offer an opportunity and competitive advantage for LATAM refiners 7 Los Premios de Excelencia finalists 8

LARTC in the beautiful and historic city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with the sup- port of our Host Partner, Petrobras. We have enjoyed years of collaboration with Petrobras, whose vision and standing in the region make them a global reference. A sincere thank you must go to the President of Petrobras, Magda Chambriard, as well as the Refining Executive Management for their continued partnership with the World Refining Association. I would like to express particular gratitude to our Advisory Board, made up of the indus- try’s leaders in Latin American Downstream, for their continued loyalty, support and input to this important event. LARTC has truly

Matt Maginnis Global Managing Director World Refining Association

SAF and renewable production with feedstock flexibility and minimised emissions 9

Executive Board summary The LARTC 2025 Advisory Board Meeting convened on February 19th, 2025 to deter- mine the key challenges and opportunities facing the refining and petrochemical sector in Latin America. The board members shared their perspectives, as well as strategies to strengthen collaboration among companies and improve talent management.

Scaling sustainable aviation fuel in Latin America: drivers, hurdles, and solutions Transforming Latin America’s refineries: profit, performance, and decarbonisation Brazil targets increased refined product capacity and diversity

scale at which projects are implemented. To overcome these barriers, fostering open dia- logue to share best financing practices and collaborative approaches is recommended to improve capital efficiency. Collaboration and synergies among refineries Latin America’s refining sector holds sig- nificant potential for synergy through col- laboration, driven by geographic proximity and similar market conditions. The discus- sion emphasised that collaboration should go beyond shared infrastructure and include knowledge exchange and mutual support in operational and strategic areas. The board proposed analysing case studies showcas- ing successful cooperation among refineries and identifying opportunities for improve- ment and replicability across the sector. Regulatory trends and policy developments in Latin America Strategies aimed at improving sector inte- gration in Latin America and boosting the competitiveness of regional companies were also a key focus of the discussion. Board members proposed collaborative ini- tiatives on regulations, standards, and best practices to harmonise operational frame- works and facilitate market integration. Engaging regulatory authorities in these discussions was also deemed crucial to ensure that collaboration strategies comply with existing regulations and promote a fair, competitive environment.

The discussion focused on three strategic pillars essential for growth and competitive- ness: enhancing collaboration among refin- eries, leveraging AI to optimise operations, and innovating human capital management. Human capital management models and talent development strategies A critical challenge emphasised by our board was talent acquisition and retention. Transitioning from traditional retention- focused strategies to models that prioritise skill optimisation and accelerated learning was suggested. The discussion highlighted the importance of empowering employees with greater autonomy in high-risk deci- sion-making roles. It was argued that effec- tive delegation of responsibilities and skill development can help prevent operational incidents and boost productivity. There was also an emphasis on personalised, technol- ogy-enabled training programmes.

Precious metals: real-world dynamics 17 Innovations to reduce confined space entry: rethinking safety in reactor maintenance 18

Honeywell technology helps Petrobras make major gains toward biodiesel gas production 22

Access to financing and investment opportunities in refining projects

Access to financing remains a central chal- lenge despite the available capital in the mar- ket. The effectiveness of internal financial management and strategic capital alloca- tion is critical to advancing refining projects. Several successful cases were highlighted where improved financial governance ena- bled companies to secure funding. However, concerns persist regarding the speed and

advertisers

Honeywell UOP

2 6

Grace

Sabin Metal Corporation KBC (A Yokogawa Company)

10 16

Technological innovations and AI applications in refining

Moxba Topsoe

20-21

Artificial intelligence was increasingly rec- ognised as a transformative force in the

refining india 2024

LARTC 2025

Optimising renewable fuel feedstock pretreatment

Chelsea Grimes W. R. Grace & Co

Pretreatment is a Key to Refinery Success Policymakers worldwide are implementing stricter regulations on the transportation sector to achieve carbon neutrality and build energy security. The biofuels industry faces significant challenges as refineries look to lipid-based feedstocks to produce renewable diesel (RD) and sustainable avi- ation fuel (SAF). RD, produced by hydroprocessing fats, oils, and greases, is chemically identical to petroleum-based diesel, making it a drop- in replacement up to 100%. SAF, pro- duced in a similar manner, requires further processing to meet the stringent specifica- tions necessary for jet engine operations, and can only be a drop-in replacement for up to 50% of aviation fuel. With low carbon intensities, high blend- ing limits, and clean emissions, RD and SAF are highly attractive options to help consumers and businesses reach sustain- ability targets today. Feedstock contaminants, such as met- als and phospholipids, can affect a refin- ery’s efficiency and profitability and must be removed to ensure full utilisation of equipment and catalysts. The presence of these impurities can lead to fouling, corrosion, and catalyst poi- soning, ultimately reducing productivity and increasing operational expenses. With a flexible and efficient pretreatment pro- cess, renewable fuel producers can utilise a wide range of feedstocks based on what is readily available. Not All Adsorbents are Created Equal Feedstock cost is often the largest expense for producing RD and SAF, causing refin- eries to look at all avenues to reduce the overall cost of production, especially in their pretreatment units (PTU). In a typical pretreatment process ( Figures 1 and 2 ), the feedstocks are first blended and homogenised, followed by a series of strain- ers to remove large particulates. During ‘dry degumming,’ mixing the feedstock blend with a mild acid chelates metal contaminants prior to the adsorption step. If ‘wet degumming’ is preferred, a water washing step follows to physically remove most contaminants prior to the adsorption process. During impurity adsorption, the feedstock is sent to a slurry tank, then an adsorbent is added to remove remaining contaminants down to trace levels. The majority of catalyst technology licensors set a limit of 3 ppm for phospho- rus and 7 ppm for metals before the feed- stock can be sent to the renewable diesel unit (RDU). While SAF and RD production often begins with using activated bleaching earth (ABE), colour correction specifica- tions are not required as they are with edible oils. Additionally, phosphorus and metal specifications for pretreated feed-

Typical properties of Trisyl Silica, Trisyl 300 Silica, and ABE

Acid conditioning

Impurity adsorption

Blend feedstock

RDU

Strainers

Trisyl

ABE

300

Total volatile @ 954˚C (wt%) 65

Figure 1 Typical sequence of operations in a PTU with dry degumming

4.5

2.5

3.6-4.5

Average particle size ( µ m) Bulk density packed (g/cm 3 )

0.48

0.56 300

Surface area (m 2 /g)

700

Chemical analysis

Blend feedstock

Impurity adsorption

Acid conditioning

Strainers

Wash water

RDU

SiO 2

99.6 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

98.8 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

70.0

Na 2 O

0.3 7.9 2.4 10.1 1.6 4.2

SO 4

Figure 2 Typical sequence of operations in a PTU with wet degumming

Fe 2 O 3 Al 2 O 3 MgO CaO

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

resulting in fewer contaminants removed from the feedstock. In extreme cases, met- als from the adsorbent can leach back into the feedstock. Unlike ABE, Grace’s Trisyl ® silica is com- posed of highly pure SiO₂ with no detect- able levels of metal oxides present ( Table 1 ). Additionally, this silica has a signifi- DID you know? Switching from activated bleaching earth to Grace’s Trisyl silica adsorbent for the pretreatment of renewable feedstocks can help reduce solid waste up to 85%

Table 1

cantly larger surface area and moisture content, resulting in a much higher capac- ity to adsorb polar and ionic impurities ( Figure 3 ). Although soft vegetable oils are techni- cally adequate for RD and SAF, produc- ers are challenged with sourcing inedible waste feedstocks and creating fuels with a lower carbon intensity (CI) score. Even in severely contaminated feedstock blends, Trisyl 300 silica maintains a higher adsorp- tion capacity for contaminants than ABE, while avoiding any potential of introduc- ing metal contaminants into the feedstock ( Figure 4 ). Adsorbent dosages are much lower com- pared to ABE because of the silica’s larger adsorption capacity in both wet and dry degumming. Using less adsorbent with a lower solids content results in less solid waste generation and potentially lowers emissions related to waste disposal trans- portation. In addition, there is less feed- stock lost during the pretreatment process ( Figure 5 ), allowing for increased produc- tivity at the refinery and a reduction in environmental footprint. TRISYL Silica: Optimised Process-of-Use When used as an adsorbent for renewa- ble feedstock pretreatment, it is recom- mended to add Trisyl silica to the slurry tank under atmospheric pressure once the oil contains <0.5% moisture. If the feed- stock contains more moisture, the adsorp- tion equilibrium could be hindered, and a vacuum dryer should be installed. Once Trisyl silica is added, mix the slurry for approximately 15-30 minutes between 60 and 70ºC to allow the mix- ture to reach equilibrium and maximise the silica’s capacity to remove contaminants ( Figure 6 ). The moisture in the pores enhances adsorption by attracting polar and ionic contaminants to the surface of the hydro- philic particles.

Phosphorus remaining (ppm) 10 T risyl 300 T risyl ABE 20 30

40 50

Figure 3 Adsorption capacity of Trisyl silica, Trisyl 300 silica, and ABE in soybean oil where:

stocks are much lower for RD/SAF produc- tion than in edible oil. Notably, non-food competing feedstocks usually come at the expense of high free fatty acids (FFA) or metal contaminants. If the adsorbent introduced contains metals, the adsorption equilibrium is hin- dered, reducing the adsorption capacity,

Blend 1 with w et d egumming

Blend 2 with w et d egumming

100 120 140

T risyl 300 ABE

20 40 60 80

T risyl 300 ABE

Contaminants remaining in feedstock (ppm)

Figure 4 Adsorption capacity in various feedstock blends. Blend 1 = 30% soybean oil and 70% tallow. Blend 2 = 30% soybean oil, 30% used cooking oil, and 40% tallow

refining india 2024

23 – 25 September 2025 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

WHY BRAZIL?

Brazil is home to 17 refineries, the highest proportion across South America.

Brazil’s petrochemical market is experiencing significant growth, with revenues expected to rise to USD 19 billion by 2030.

Rio de Janeiro houses significant refining infrastructure – including the Reduc refinery, accounting for 80% of Brazil’s lubricant production, and the Rio de Janeiro Petrochemical Complex one of the largest petrochemical complexes in the world.

Market liberalization is allowing for new entrants, such as Acelen, to further improve operational capabilities and drive innovation.

Petrobras is investing heavily in producing a new generation of fuels, positioning the company as world leaders in biorefining, efficiency and operational performance.

For more information, please contact Charlie Abrines, Director – LARTC T: +44 20 4570 6237 E: charlie.abrines@wraconferences.com

LARTC 2025

to demand more sustainable fuels to help governments around the world meet emis- sion reduction targets, renewable fuel pro- ducers will continue to look for options to optimise their processes and generate lower carbon intensity fuels. Switching from ABE to Grace’s Trisyl silica adsor- bent for the pretreatment of renewable feedstocks can help reduce solid waste up to 85%, as well as reduce feedstock losses, ultimately leading to higher yields of renewable fuels. GRACE ® and TRISYL ® are trademarks, registered in the US and/or other coun- tries, of W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.

100

Filter cake (Klbs/yr)

1 atm 30 min 0.3 w% Trisyl

100˚C 0.6 w% T risyl

Lost feestock Adsorbent solids

100

Temperature (˚C)

Time (min)

Figure 6 Phospholipid removal as a function of temperature and time with Trisyl silica

Clay case

T risyl silica case

dried mixture is then passed through a fil- ter to remove the particles and trapped impurities from the feedstock. As the transportation sector continues

The mixture is then sent through a vac- uum dryer to remove the water from silica, shrinking the particles’ pores, while trap- ping the phospholipids and metals. The

Figure 5 Example of filter cake composition when clay/ABE is used vs Trisyl silica

Contact: chelsea.grimes@grace.com

How Latin America’s refiners can reduce emissions in a volatile geopolitical environment

SINDY STONE Heurtey Petrochem solutions, An Axens company

Latin America’s refining sector is entering a period of gradual but significant change. From evolving trade dynamics to new cli- mate policies and fuel standards, refiners across the region are facing growing expec- tations to improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions while managing geopo- litical and market uncertainty. This drive is increasingly about more than compliance alone; it is becoming an important factor in protecting market share, securing access to financing, and preparing for a low-carbon future shaped by national commitments and international developments.¹ , ² , ³ , ⁴ Meeting these challenges requires more than ambition. It demands practical solu- tions that deliver measurable progress with- out disrupting operations. That is why many operators are evaluating field-proven tech- nologies and targeted revamps that can be implemented progressively ( Figure 1 ). Decarbonisation solutions Tubular electrical furnaces (e-furnaces) and air preheaters developed by Heurtey Petrochem Solutions, an Axens company, are examples of proven upgrades that help refiners cut emissions and improve energy efficiency. When powered by renewable electricity, e-furnaces eliminate combustion- related CO₂ emissions from process heat- ing entirely. Air preheaters increase fired heater efficiency, reducing fuel demand in a straightforward, reliable way. Each of these solutions provides a flexible path to lower energy intensity and aligns with decarboni- sation goals, whether installed in new facili- ties or integrated as part of a revamp. Spiral tube heat exchangers (STHE) sup- plied by Nectis, an Axens joint venture, complement these strategies by enhancing thermal integration efficiency, which leads to lower heat demand and reduced fuel con- sumption within a compact footprint. STHE can be applied in new units as well as ret- rofitted into existing operations, offering

Latin America is moving with determination to

Current operations

Cost savings & reduced emissions $

Decarbonisation pathways

Heurtey e -f urnaces Tubular electrical furnaces 100% decarbonisation

more sustainable practices. Heurtey Petrochem Solutions and Nectis, as part of Axens, are dedicated to supporting refiners across the region with advanced technolo- gies and deep expertise that make decar- bonisation both practical and achievable – today and for decades to come. References 1 Reuters, Brazil raises biofuel levels, sees gas- oline self-sufficiency , June 25, 2025. https:// www.reuters.com/business/energy/brazil- raises-biofuel-levels-sees-gasoline-self-suffi- ciency-2025-06-25/?utm_source=chatgpt.com 2 Reuters, Petrobras sees new Brazil biofuel man- dates as positive , June 25, 2025. https://www. reuters.com/business/energy/petrobras-sees- new-brazil-biofuel-mandates-positive-executive- says-2025-06-25/?utm_source=chatgpt.com 3 Reuters, Brazil corn ethanol boom cov- ers demand as country hikes biofuel man- date , June 27, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/ sustainability/climate-energy/brazil-corn-eth- anol-boom-covers-demand-country-hikes-biofuel- mandate-2025-06-27/?utm_source=chatgpt.com 4 Reuters, TotalEnergies seeks permit for $16 billion green hydrogen project in Chile, May 5, 2025. https://www.reuters.com/sustainabil- ity/climate-energy/totalenergies-seeks-per- mit-16-billion-green-hydrogen-project-chile- 2025-05-05/?utm_source=chatgpt.com modernise refining and embrace more sustainable practices

Axens air preheaters Boost red heater eciency

Energy eciency & lower fuel co st s

Spiral tube heat exchangers (STHE) Maximise thermal integration

CO & emissions reduction

Heater revamps by Heurtey Modernise and optimise red heaters

Long-term cost savings & sustainability

Signicant gains in energy savings

Figure 1 Decarbonisation pathway for Latin American refiners

energy investments in the region, such as TotalEnergies’ plans for a $16 billion green hydrogen project in Chile, illustrate how decarbonisation priorities are reshaping long-term strategies.⁴ Market expectations are evolving as well. Investors and customers increasingly link contracts and financing to transparent envi- ronmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies and measurable decarbonisation milestones. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) demand is also creating opportunities for refiners to diversify their product mix while reinforcing their climate commitments. path forward In this environment, the path forward is clear: refiners that evaluate and adopt proven, flexible solutions, such as e-fur- naces, air preheaters, STHE, and targeted fired heater revamps, will be well positioned to strengthen operations, secure financing, and maintain competitiveness in an energy landscape that is steadily evolving. Latin America is moving with determi- nation to modernise refining and embrace

flexibility for projects with varying timelines and budgets. Beyond installing new equipment, upgrading existing fired heaters is another effective approach. Revamps, such as mod- ern burners, improved convection sections, and integration of air preheaters, can signif- icantly improve efficiency while extending the life of critical assets. Policy support Recent policies and financing trends are creating strong momentum for these upgrades. In Brazil, the National Energy Policy Council has raised biofuel blend- ing requirements, increasing the ethanol content in gasoline to 30% and biodiesel to 15%, starting this August.¹ The move is designed to achieve gasoline self-suffi- ciency for the first time in 15 years while supporting emissions reduction goals. Petrobras has called the policy a posi- tive step that aligns with its strategy and benefits consumers.² To help meet rising demand, Brazil’s corn ethanol production is expanding rapidly.³ In parallel, major clean

Contact: Sindy.STONE@heurtey.net

refining india 2024

AHEAD A long history of looking

For nearly a century, Grace catalysts have kept fuel and petrochemical feedstocks flowing from the industry’s largest refineries to the trucks, trains, planes, and ships that keep our world running. We are leveraging our long history of innovation in fluid catalytic cracking to develop products that enable lower carbon fuels and help meet the challenges of the energy transition.

grace.com

LARTC 2025

Renewable fuels offer an opportunity and competitive advantage for LATAM refiners

MARCIO WAGNer DA SILVA Petrobras – Henrique Lage Refinery (REVAP)

Current Context The current scenario presents significant challenges to the crude oil refining indus- try, including price volatility of raw mate- rials, pressure from society to reduce environmental impacts, and refining mar- gins that are increasingly lower. The newest threat to refiners is the decline of the con- sumer market, which has become increas- ingly common in recent years, with news about countries that intend to reduce or ban the production of vehicles powered by fossil fuels in the medium term, mainly in developed markets like Europe and Asia. Despite recent forecasts, transportation fuel demand remains the primary reve- nue driver for the downstream industry, as shown in Figure 1 , based on data from the International Energy Agency (IEA). According to Figure 1, a growing demand for petrochemical intermediates, such as naphtha and ethane, is expected, while transportation fuels are set to present fall- ing consumption, with the most pronounced reduction anticipated for gasoline. This change in the consumer market is driven by the increasing necessity to reduce the carbon intensity of the global energy matrix, which leads to the improve- ment in fuel efficiency, the growing market of electric vehicles, and new technologies such as additive manufacturing (3D print- ing), which have the potential to destroy the demand for fossil transportation fuels. These factors create a hostile scenario for fossil transportation fuels, which is sum- marised in Figure 1. Under this business scenario, an expected movement from downstream players is to seek closer integration between refining and petrochemical assets, aiming to max- imise petrochemical production, consider- ing their higher added value and growing market share compared to fossil fuels. Considering the high capital expendi- tures associated with integrating refining and petrochemical assets, it is expected that downstream players from developed economies, such as those in Europe and Asia, will lead this movement. This fact is reinforced by the surplus of transportation fuels, especially gasoline, in these mar- kets, provoked by stricter environmental regulations as well as the higher refining capacity of these players. Taking into account the relatively low complexity of Latin American refining assets compared to more economically developed markets, such as Europe and Asia, in addition to the high capital costs required to maximise petrochemical pro- duction, this route may become prohibitive for some Latin American players. On the other hand, biomass co-processing and biofuel production appear to be a route in which Latin American players have a major competitive advantage. Driven by the need to reduce the carbon intensity of the energy matrix, we are see- ing a growing demand for co-processed

biomass co-processing and biofuel production appear to be a route in which Latin American players have a major competitive advantage

Product demand growth, 2023-2030

103

102

-0.0

-0.1

0.1

101

100.4

1.2

100

-1.7

1.2

97.4

2.5

Figure 1 Global oil demand by derivative

( International Energy Agency, 2024 )

mies tend to seek new consumers for their surplus production, finding Latin America to be an attractive and growing market, which puts pressure on local refiners. In this context, biofuels, which can be a low- carbon fuel production and export strat- egy, can be a good and sustainable option for the refining business in Latin America. The main challenges to integrating con- ventional refining and biorefining in Latin America are to define clear policies that create a safe, competitive, and sustainable production environment, especially consid- ering the high production costs, which still put pressure on the final prices of biofuels. To overcome these challenges, it is funda- mental to diversify feedstock sources and raise land productivity. Conclusion In some cases, the traditional mindset of the refining business can view the growth of biofuels as a threat to the crude oil refin- ing business due to the demand displace- ment effect. It is essential to recognise that the need to reduce the carbon inten- sity of the energy matrix is a fact, not a trend. In this context, refiners should

explore unconventional ways to capitalise on opportunities in this scenario. Petrochemical integration is a business trend in the global downstream indus- try and can represent a threat to Latin American players, considering the high integration potential of those located in developed markets like Europe and Asia. On the other hand, the growing demand for biofuels can represent a significant oppor- tunity for Latin American refiners, as the relatively high availability of biomass in the region can help these players maxim- ise biomass co-processing in their refining assets and gain a significant competitive advantage in the global market. Bibliography 1 Gelder, A. Refinery-petrochemical integration disrupts gas-based cracker feedstock advan- tage , Wood Mackenzie, 2023. 2 IEA (2024), Oil Market Report – June 2024, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/ oil-market-report-june-2024. 3 IEA (2024), Renewables: Analysis and Forecast to 2030 – October 2024 , IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024.

fuels, such as sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). Figure 2 depicts the growing demand for biofuels between 2023 and 2030. According to the IEA, renewable fuels are set to account for nearly 6% of global industry, building, and transport energy demand. This scenario creates a potential competitive advantage and opportunity for Latin American refiners to face the global hostile scenario for fossil fuels. Among the competitive advantages of Latin American refiners in biorefining are the favourable climate, abundant and high- quality land, and a good agricultural capac- ity. Considering these characteristics, even among Latin American players, Brazil has a highlighted position, standing out as a major biofuels producer, primarily bioeth- anol from sugarcane. Nowadays, Latin America is responsi- ble for around 25% of global biofuels pro- duction, with the capacity to raise this participation considering the competitive advantages mentioned above. Given the hostile scenario for fossil fuels and the global trend of reduced transportation fuel demand, refiners operating in larger econo-

Contact: marciows@petrobras.com.br

Renewable fuel demand, main and accelerated cases, 2023-2030

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

China

United States

Europe

India

Brazil

RoW Share of global fuel demand

Notes: RoW = Rest of World. Shares are based on global fuel demand in nal energy consumption

(International Energy Agency, 2024)

Figure 2 Biofuels demand forecast 2023-2030

refining india 2024

24 September 2025 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil THE FINALISTS

Tecnología Digital del Año

Catalyst Producer of the Year Proveedor de Catalizadores del Año

Digital Technology of the Year

Energy Transition Solution of the Year Solución de Transición Energética del Año

Refinery of the Year Refinería del Año

Ingeniero Destacado del Año

Raphael Mello

Martin Travezani Processing Manager

Fernando Simich

Carolina Fiori

William Pilazeck

Young Refiner of the Year

Engenheiro de modelagem e simulação

Gestor OT

Ingeniera de Control Avanzado de Procesos

Plant Manager

Downstream Executive of the Year Ejecutivo Downstream del Año

Diego Mouriño Vice President, Engineering & Construction

Rodrigo Abramof Executive Refining Manager

Patricio Farfan Gerente de Refinerias

For further information please contact: Matt Maginnis, Portfolio Director – Americas | T: + 44 207 384 8006 | E: matt.maginnis@wraconferences.com

LARTC 2025

SAF and renewable production with feedstock flexibility and minimised emissions

Aldo Marcelo Peiretti TOPSOE

and sustainable resource, and when paired with HydroFlex, the impact is amplified.

For refineries navigating a fast-chang- ing energy landscape, decarbonisation and diversification are often high on the agenda. The shift towards renewable fuels is being driven primarily by the legislative environment, but renewables and sustain- able aviation fuel (SAF) production also offer refineries the potential for a new rev- enue stream and a more diversified busi- ness. Integrating renewable feedstocks is proving to be one of the most effective ways to achieve both emissions goals and business growth. To support refineries transitioning to SAF and renewable fuel production beyond co-processing, Topsoe offers two integrated solutions that provide a robust path forward.

DID YOU KNOW? For refiners looking to transition smoothly into renewables, the combination of HydroFlex and H2Bridge provides a roadmap

Biocrude from waste and biomass

Animal fats and used cooking oils

Vegetable oils

One seamless, self-sustaining system When HydroFlex and H2bridge are inte- grated, their full potential is unlocked. Together, they form a highly efficient, low- emissions production loop that turns renew- able feedstocks into high-quality fuels. This self-contained system operates on a simple but powerful principle: use what you already have. HydroFlex processes a wide array of renewable feedstocks, and the off-gases generated during this pro- cess are captured and routed to H2bridge. There, they are reformed into hydrogen, which is fed back into the HydroFlex unit, creating a near-closed loop with minimal waste, low emissions, and reduced exter- nal dependencies. From an operational standpoint, this integrated setup delivers compelling cost advantages. With better heat integration, less imported hydrogen, and optimised water usage, refineries can see significant Opex reductions. Regulatory benefits are just as strong. Since this system enables the production of fuels with significantly lower lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it can support eligibility for emissions credits and compliance with renewable fuel stand- ards in key markets. However, beyond the numbers, what really sets this approach apart is its adapt- ability. Whether retrofitting an existing unit or planning a new build, this solution scales with your operation – and with the shifting demands of the global energy market. For refiners looking to transition smoothly into renewables without risk- ing the whole facility, the combination of HydroFlex and H2bridge provides a road- map. It is not just a technical upgrade – it is a strategic one, aligned with both today’s pressures and tomorrow’s possibilities. Built for future-proofing As the energy transition accelerates, refineries face a critical choice: adapt or risk falling behind. With HydroFlex and H2bridge, adapting means getting more from what you already have. These tech- nologies can deliver on emissions compli- ance and also provide an opportunity for refineries aiming to take the lead in a low- carbon world.

Pretreatment

HydroFlex processing

Gasoline

Jet fuel

Diesel

Figure 1 The byproducts created by the HydroFlex process create a circular system

HydroFlex: Feedstock flexibility without compromise

Co-processing has emerged as a low Capex way for refineries to enter the renewable fuel and SAF production space, and Topsoe catalysts and expertise are facilitating a particularly fast and efficient solution for customers globally. For refineries seeking to produce renewables and SAF – either separately or co-processed, from scratch, or by repurposing existing assets – Topsoe’s HydroFlex TM solution offers a reliable and flexible option. It enables refiners to pro- cess a range of approved renewable feed- stocks, including used cooking oil (HEFA). The technology is designed to be flexible and can be implemented in both new and existing refinery units, allowing a wide range of feedstocks to be processed – and alongside fossil fuels if required. If avail- ability or legislations demand a feedstock change, HydroFlex can still deliver. The beauty of the solution lies in its flex- ibility in handling different feedstocks and adapting to the operating conditions and goals of the refinery. Whether it is a new unit or a revamp of an existing hydro- treater, HydroFlex is engineered to inte- grate seamlessly and deliver high-grade, drop-in renewable fuels. The resulting renewable diesel, SAF, and naphtha are low in sulphur and fully compliant with global fuel standards. Since its development in 2004, and with more than 60 licensed units glob- ally and years of industrial use, HydroFlex has a solid record of commercial suc- cess. Its design incorporates high-per- formance, proprietary catalysts tailored

Recycle

Emissions Renewable fuel product

Hydrocarbon feed

H2 b ridge hydrogen unit

HydroFlex hydrotreating unit

Renewable feed

Figure 2 H2bridge transforms hydrogen into a controlled and sustainable resource

ated during the HydroFlex process. These are converted into high-purity hydrogen, creating a circular system where waste becomes fuel. This approach not only cuts emissions but also reduces dependency on exter- nal hydrogen sources. That means no natural gas deliveries, no exposure to volatile hydrogen markets, and no extra infrastructure to manage fossil-derived hydrogen. The integration also delivers strong oper- ational efficiencies. Because H2bridge is tightly coupled with the HydroFlex unit, it benefits from advanced heat integra- tion, cutting energy consumption and water usage. The result is a more compact, lower-footprint hydrogen solution with sig- nificant savings. Perhaps most importantly, it future- proofs hydrogen production. As decar- bonisation pressures mount, relying on fossil-based hydrogen becomes less tena- ble. With H2bridge, refineries can decouple from fossil hydrogen without compromis- ing production. In short, the solution transforms hydrogen from a problematic input into a controlled

to withstand the unique contaminants found in renewable feedstocks. These catalysts protect the system from fouling and ensure high yield, long cycle lengths, and reliable product quality. For refiner- ies looking to scale renewable produc- tion without losing operational control or fuel quality, the process provides the ideal foundation. H2bridge: Making hydrogen work smarter Processing renewable feedstocks is not as straightforward as processing non- renewables, and extra hydrogen is usu- ally needed. Hydrogen is essential to renewable fuel production, as the hydro- treating process used to upgrade renew- able feedstocks relies heavily on hydrogen to remove oxygen and saturate carbon bonds. Commonly, that hydrogen comes from fossil sources such as natural gas, which increases carbon intensity in the production phase. H2bridge TM is Topsoe’s solution to this challenge. Rather than importing hydro- gen, it enables on-site production using renewable off-gases, specifically the light hydrocarbons and byproducts gener-

Contact: ALDO@topsoe.com

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LARTC 2025

Scaling sustainable aviation fuel in Latin America: drivers, hurdles, and solutions

Allen ting Sulzer

As governments develop clearer policies and

Fuelling the Change: Policy and Ambition Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is key to decarbonising global aviation, offering lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than fossil fuel. In Latin America, its adoption is driven by international commitments, local policies, and regional feedstock potential. On the international stage, the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), estab- lished by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), is the primary market mechanism driving SAF adoption. ICAO predicts that aviation emissions will dou- ble or triple by 2050, but airlines must off- set any CO₂ emissions above 85% of their 2019 levels from 2024 through 2035, with all ICAO member states required to comply from 2027 (with exemptions). 1,2 Airlines can use SAF or buy offsets to meet their obligations under this man- date. Corporate net-zero goals, such as LATAM’s 5% SAF use by 2030, make SAF central to decarbonisation. While CORSIA fosters international coordination, its suc- cess relies on local policies. Policy Levers: Unlocking Latin America’s SAF Potential Local mandates and funding will deter- mine whether SAF can expand across Latin America. An overview of the SAF legisla- tion and market in the region is outlined in Table 1 for selected countries. Brazil has a blending mandate starting at 1% by 2027, supported by the RenovaBio policy and SAF investment incentives.⁴ Meanwhile, Colombia and Chile have long-term goals targeting 2035 and 2050, respectively. 3,5 Long-term policies, economic factors, local mandates, and the market environment are all crucial for the growth and scaling of the SAF market throughout Latin America. From Soybeans to Palm Oil: Latin America’s Diverse SAF Feedstock Potential Brazil uniquely has a firm SAF blending mandate and incentives, supported by abundant feedstocks, including 11.5 mil- lion tonnes per year of soybean oil and 1.36 million tonnes per year of tallow in 2024.⁶ Colombia, with approximately 1.8 mil- lion tonnes per year of palm oil in 2023, 7 primarily uses it for methyl ester biodiesel production; however, its use as a feed- stock for SAF production is controversial due to sustainability concerns. Chile lacks large-scale oilseed produc- tion, and its feedstocks, primarily animal fats and used cooking oil, are limited and are being studied for future SAF use. Uruguay produces around 300,000- 350,000 metric tonnes per year of soy- bean oil annually, with tallow estimates closer to 40,000-50,000 metric tonnes per year.₈ Additionally, its development is geared toward non-edible oilseed crops and biogas-to-SAF. Feedstock is essential to developing a local SAF ecosystem, but it is only the first part of the equation.

incentives to support SAF economics, local demand is expected to grow, facilitated

by advanced technologies

SAF expansion across Latin America is determined by local mandates and funding

Country

Key legislation/programme

SAF mandate/goal

Primary incentives and support

Brazil

• Combustível do Futuro Law 14.993/2024

Airlines are required to reduce lifecycle GHG emissons • Concessional loans R$6 billion for SAF/RD plants

• RenovaBio (carbon credit market for decarbonisation)

by using SAF, from 1% in 2027 to 10% in 2037

• Tax exemption for qualifying CapEx • Carbon credits (SAF methodology under development)

Colombia

• National SAF Roadmap (2025) • Energy Transition Law 2099/2021

Target to produce 100 million gal SAF yr -1 by

• 15-year income tax deduction and accelerated

2035, with no binding blend rule

depreciation for renewable energy projects (SAF eligible) • Government-funded feasibility studies (e.g., LanzaJet and BioD S.A.S.)

Chile

• Clean Flight Program (voluntary)

Target 50% SAF share of total jet fuel by 2050; first commercial plant targeted for 2030

• Government grants for green H 2 /SAF R&D

• SAF 2050 Roadmap (2024)

• Public-private working groups on feedstock logistics and e-SAF pilots

Table 1 SAF legislation in selected Latin American countries 3,4,5

Scaling SAF: Production Growth and Economic Hurdles in Latin America

industrial hubs, and natural gas infrastruc- ture is primarily located along the coast, with prices that are up to three times higher than global benchmarks. This situation raises operational risks and highlights the need for technological solutions to improve process economics. For example, Sulzer’s BioFlux™ con- figuration, which combines thermal pre- treatment, hydrotreating, and integrated hydrogen generation, can cut natural gas use by up to 70% while maintaining an on- site hydrogen supply. This process inte- gration can significantly increase plant competitiveness and resilience in a vola- tile market. Additionally, BioFlux provides other benefits, including a 40% reduction in CapEx through a proprietary liquid-full reactor and a two-year delivery time with a modular skid. Most recently, in July 2025, Avalon Energy Group and Sulzer Chemtech formed a strategic partnership to deploy Sulzer’s BioFlux with Avalon’s biorefinery development in Uruguay, utilising camelina sativa as feedstock.⁸ Conclusion Latin America’s SAF sector remains in early development. Mandates are evolv- ing, with Brazil leading in feedstock sup- ply but lacking strong market incentives. As governments develop clearer policies and incentives to support SAF economics, local demand is expected to grow, facilitated by advanced technologies such as BioFlux. This will enable the region to expand its SAF production. The key question would be: how quickly can Latin America overcome its

economic and policy hurdles to decarbonise aviation at scale?

Currently, Latin America has four opera- tional hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) co-processing plants: three in Brazil and one in Colombia. Petrobras leads Brazil’s SAF efforts with several co-pro- cessing and HEFA facilities. Additionally, Brazil may develop up to 10 co-process- ing plants and five HEFA plants by the end of the decade. In Colombia, Ecopetrol’s Cartagena refinery has been producing SAF from used cooking oil since 2024. Additionally, there is increasing interest in first-generation alcohol-to-jet pathways using corn and sugarcane bioethanol. Two such projects have been announced, aiming for operations by 2030, though neither has reached a final investment decision (FID). However, the economics of SAF remain challenging. The minimum selling price of HEFA-derived SAF is usually at least twice that of conventional jet fuel. Feedstock costs make up more than 80% of HEFA production expenses, with hydrogen, cat- alysts, and fixed costs constituting the rest. Price fluctuations are significant, with changes of 10–20% occurring within a few months over the past two year. As a result, long-term offtake agreements and feed- stock supply contracts at pre-agreed prices are vital for attracting investment. Bridging Gaps: Infrastructure Constraints and Innovation Paths for SAF Another key constraint is the availabil- ity and cost of hydrogen and natural gas. In Brazil, hydrogen pipelines are limited to

References 1 Fact Sheet: CORSIA , December 2024, https:// www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/pressroom/ fact-sheets/fact-sheet-corsia/ 2 Fact Sheet 6: Understanding CORSIA , January 2025, https://aviationbenefits.org/media/wqphk- tun/fact-sheet_6_understanding-corsia.pdf 3 Chile:SAFRoadmap2050 ,August2024,https:// vuelolimpio.cl/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ Chile_SAF_Roadmap_2050_.pdf 4 USDA Biofuels Annual , Brazil, August 2024, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/ Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName =Biofuels%20Annual_Brasilia_Brazil_BR2024- 0022.pdf 5 U SDA Biofuels Annual , Colombia, July 2024, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/ Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileNa me=Biofuels%20Annual_Bogota_Colombia_ CO2024-0008.pdf 6 Commodities 2025: Brazil’s feedstocks mar- ket juggles record crop, rising biodiesel blend, December 2024, https://www.spglobal. com/commodity-insights/en/news-research/ latest-news/agriculture/123124-commod- ities-2025-brazils-feedstocks-market-juggles- record-crop-rising-biodiesel-blend 7 El sector palmero colombiano registra un buen balance al cierre de 2023 , https://fedepalma. org/noticias/el-sector-palmero-colombiano-reg- istra-un-buen-balance-al-cierre-de-2023/ 8 Sulzer and Avalon Energy Group form strategic alliance to advance global production of sustain- able aviation fuel , July 2024, https://www.sulzer. com/en/shared/news/250707-sulzer-and-ava- lon-energy-group-form-strategic-alliance

Contact: allen.ting@sulzer.com

refining india 2024

May 2026 | Chile

ASK THE EXPERTS IS COMING TO CHILE IN 2026!

After an incredible intimate and highly technical gathering in Argentina earlier this year, LARTC: Ask the Experts is returning to Latin America in 2026. Built specifically for engineers and technical specialists, Ask the Experts provides a forum for solving real, day-to-day operational challenges. The 2025 edition brought together over 175+ downstream professionals to share practical solutions, share actionable strategies, and collaborate on the issues that matter the most in daily refinery operations.

LARTC: Ask the Experts 2026 promises to deliver deeper value, where you will have the opportunity to:

Walk away with implementable strategies that can make a difference from day one

Learn directly from leading refiners and technology providers solving real day-to-day operational problems

Connect with peers and experts who understand your challenges and offer proven insights

Get hands-on solutions to optimise operations, enhance yields, and reduce costs

REGISTER YOUR INTEREST today to keep updated with the latest event announcements! With participation from refineries across Latin America, Ask the Experts 2026 is shaping up to be another can't-miss experience for the refining community.

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