Decarbonisation Technology August 2026 Issue

• Expanding process and refining capacities. • Ensuring economic competitiveness. Figure 2 shows that the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process produces a range of hydrocarbons. ZCT’s research uses CCC technology with a cold and hot FT slurry reactor to produce hydrocarbons in the gasoline, kerosene, and diesel ranges. Fuel tank of the future ZCT’s technology for

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n-Paran 1-Olen i-Paran and oxygenate

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Figure 2 Range of hydrocarbons (FT, CCC technology)

Reaction: 2H 2 O → 2H 2 + O 2

the transportation sector aligns with existing technologies (electrification, hydrogen, biofuels, and synthetic fuels). The company is at the early stages of developing new sustainable fuel resources for practical application. Its goal is to enable carbon-neutral mobility while enhancing overall transportation efficiency, moving the fuel powering tomorrow’s vehicles beyond fossil- based sources. Point-source capture CO₂ can be captured from concentrated industrial emission streams, such as: • Cement production. • Steel manufacturing. • Biogas plants. • Ethanol facilities. These sources typically provide higher CO₂ concentrations of 5-30%. Direct air capture (DAC) DAC extracts CO₂ directly from ambient air (~0.04% concentration). Although more energy- intensive, DAC enables fully circular carbon systems, independent of industrial emitters. The captured CO₂ is purified and compressed for downstream synthesis. Hydrogen/biofuel production via renewable electrolysis Hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis via renewable electricity (wind, solar, hydro, or nuclear).

Electrolyser technologies include: • Alkaline electrolysis. • Proton exchange membrane (PEM). • Solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC). In ZCT’s research, CCC is used without renewable electricity, but as electrolysis capacity using renewable electricity increases, it will be straightforward to substitute hydrogen from non-renewable sources with renewable (green) hydrogen. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Syngas is catalytically converted into long-chain hydrocarbons:

(2n+1)H2 + nCO → CnH{2n+2} + nH 2 O

Products include: • Synthetic gasoline. • Synthetic diesel (see Figure 2). • Synthetic kerosene – sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Fuel refining and compatibility CCC technology produces renewable hydrogen or renewable liquid fuels (e-diesel, e-kerosene), which fully meet automotive standards (such as EN 228 gasoline, EN 590 diesel) and are considered drop-in fuels, as they are fully compatible with their equivalent existing fuels