650
TM2500 (50 Hz) 6B.03 9E.04
600
Natural gas
550
9HA.01 7F.04
500
Hydrogen
Fuel gas
450
GT air
A
400
GT power
ADJ-1
350
300
GT exhaust
Petro-SIM GT model
250
0 5 10
15
20 25
30 35
40
45
50
55
60
65 70
75
Hydrogen content (vol%)
simulation tools like Petro-SIM offer accurate and robust GT models that can be used to perform a variety of studies, such as fuel switching and performance analysis. The GT turbine model in Petro-SIM can also use plant data and be calibrated to match the actual machine performance. In addition, the GT model provides a database of commercially available GTs from different manufacturers. In this article, a range of turbines manufactured by Siemens, Mitsubishi, and GE were investigated. Based on their corresponding websites (Amin & Bjorneld, 2025) (Mitsubishi Power Americas, 2026) (Patel, 2024), models that can operate on hydrogen and natural gas blends were selected. The hydrogen content was varied and the natural gas content was modulated to achieve 90% of the GT design load. The natural gas used in the study has the following composition: 0.6 vol% CO 2 , 1.2 vol% N 2 , 94.5 vol% methane, 3.0 vol% ethane, 0.5 vol% propane, and 0.2 vol% others. Air relative humidity is assumed 15%. Figure 1 shows the simulation used in Petro- SIM for this study. The hydrogen flow rate was increased in steps, and the natural gas flow was modulated to maintain 90% for the GT load. The same flowsheet was used for the three different GT manufacturers (see Table 1 ) and for the ammonia and natural gas blends part of this study. CO 2 emissions intensity The emissions intensity is expressed as grams of CO 2 with respect to GT power generation. Figure 2 shows the simulation results for the GE Figure 2 CO 2 emissions intensity vs hydrogen content in fuel gas for GE GTs
natural gas blends. However, the tendency of ammonia to generate elevated NOx emissions during combustion remains a critical technical challenge. Consequently, significant research efforts reported in the literature focus on combustion strategies, fuel staging, and post- combustion controls to mitigate NOx formation while maintaining stable and efficient operation (Tellez-Schmill & Owodunni, 2024) . While hydrogen and ammonia are often positioned as low-carbon alternatives, their practical implications for performance, infrastructure, and emissions control are not always fully understood. Advanced computer Figure 1 GT with variable hydrogen content in Petro-SIM
Manufacturer GT model
Maximum reduction
Maximum
reduction percentage of percentage CO 2 emissions of fuel blend intensity flow rate
Siemens
SGT-600 SGT-700 SGT-750 SGT-800
3.5 3.3 3.5 2.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.6
3.6 3.4 3.8 3.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 3.4 3.1 3.1 2.8 2.7
Mitsubishi
H-25
M701F
M501JAC
H-100
GE
TM2500 (50Hz)
6B.03 9E.04 7F.04
9HA.01
Table 1 Comparison of simulation results
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