Catalysis 2026 Issue

have demonstrated superior performance under high-con- taminant conditions, as summarised in Table 2 . Additionally, catalysts manufactured using the in situ pro- cess offer higher surface porosity and improved resistance to iron-induced deactivation, avoiding the cliff effect com- monly observed with conventional incorporated catalysts. On the operational side, adjustments to ROT, catalyst-to-oil ratio, and feed preheat can help manage conversion and heat balance. However, these changes may introduce trade-offs such as increased dry gas or reduced gasoline octane. Additives such as ZSM-5 can be used to restore octane and optimise LPG yields. Aligning catalyst capabilities with feed characteristics and unit constraints is essential to maximise the economic potential of extreme feed processing in FCC units Ultimately, aligning catalyst capabilities with feed char- acteristics and unit constraints is essential to maximise the economic potential of extreme feed processing in FCC units. Harnessing the power of robust catalyst technology to enhance tolerance to these contaminants can help in optimising the quality of extreme feeds that can be pro- cessed in an FCC unit to maximise economic benefits.

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References 1 Clough-Mastry, M., Salgado, H., Eren, B., and Gan, W.S. (2020) Residue to propylene, the two-step approach. PTQ , 25 (2), p 49-54. 2 Clough-Mastry, M., Senter, C., Sanchez, F., and Yilmaz, B. (2021) Impact of chlorides on fluid catalytic cracking. PTQ , 29 (4), p 21-25. 3 YangDong, X., YuanBing, Y., Ying, Z., and Huang, K. (2020) Tackling high nickel feedstock. Hydrocarbon Eng ., 25 (11), p 19-22. 4 Senter, C., Stockwell, D, Liu, B., and O’Berry, B (2024) Passivating vanadium in FCC operations. PTQ , 32 (2), p 31-34. 5 Kharas, C., Clough-Mastry, M, Thompson, A., and Yilmaz, B. (2022) Iron tolerance in FCC catalyst from in situ synthesis. Applied Catalyst A: General, 644, Article 118743. Hernando Salgado is a Technical Service Manager at BASF Refining Catalyst, with more than 20 years of experience in the refining Industry, supporting customers in the Middle East and Africa. Salgado holds a degree in chemical engineering from the Industrial University of Santander in Colombia and an EngD in process design from Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. Amitkumar Shah is Technical Service Manager. He has 29 years of experience in the refining and catalysts industry and is technical leader for BASF’s refinery catalyst and additives business in India/Asia. Shah holds a degree in chemical engineering from The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda in India. Myrlla Galdino R S S Machado is Account Manager of the FCC/refining catalysts division of BASF. Machado holds a BSc in chemical engineer- ing from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (aka UFRJ), an MSc in chemical process engineering, with an emphasis on oil and gas, from UFRJ, and an MBA from Fundação Getúlio Vargas in Rio de Janeiro.

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